What was there before the Big Bang?
The normal answers can include the religious one: “God” or the somewhat more scientific “Nothing – there was no time or space for anything to be in” (Which I find oddly similar to the conclusion of philosopher and writer St. Augustine of Hippo about this in his “Confessions” written in the closing years of the fourth century: before God created the world there was no time and thus no before. “For there was no “then” when time was not.” Book 11:Chapter 13)
However a recent paper claims to have found evidence that supports the idea that there could have been many Big Bangs preceeding the one that created our visible universe.
Roger Penrose (Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics Oxford University) and Vahe Gurzadyan (Yerevan Physics Institute in Armenia) have published a paper “Concentric circles in WMAP data may provide evidence of violent pre-Big-Bang activity (full PDF here)
The science in it is very complex, and I’m no where near understanding it fully! I think I’ve grasped the basics however. All the articles that I’ve seen about this assume a basic level of knowledge, so I aim here to explain it in simple terms whilst covering the basics. I’ll also be adding my own twist at the end…
The idea is that clear concentric circles of small temperature ranges can be seen in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, and that this indicates collisions between black holes. OK, simple enough! (Well almost, but I’ll try to explain it shortly) The weird part is that the larger circles have been calculated to have occurred prior to the rapid expansion of the universe or “Big Bang”.
Lets start at the beginning, as it were – what is this CMB?
If one looks at the spaces between the stars and galaxies (the background) it is pitch black, even with the most powerful optical telescopes. So there’s nothing there right? Wrong. Radio telescopes can detect a faint background glow, which is almost uniform in all directions, in the microwave region of frequencies.

This was predicted by the Big Bang Model and its discovery was hailed as the landmark test of this model. The discovery in 1964 earned Penzias and Wilson a Nobel Prize in 1978. The story of this discovery is now famous as they were not looking for it! They detected the radiation, but thought that it was caused by equipment interference and spent a lot of time and effort to remove this interference. They rebuilt everything and even scraped off what they called in the academic papers as “white dielectric material” (bird shit to you and me!) from the antenna, and yet the hiss remained. Nearby, in Princeton University, a different group of scientists were searching for this very same radiation without success, and eventually correctly identified the hiss after receiving a call asking for help from Penzias and Wilson. The Princeton team did not get acknowledged by the Nobel Committee…
The CMB is the remnants of the explosive Big Bang. The scattering of the radiation occurred when the universe was less than 400 000 years old, and so is a “picture” of the state that the universe was at that time. As the universe expands it cools (basic physics – and easily demonstrated. The nozzle of CO2 fire extinguisher becomes harmfully cold to touch as the expanding gas rushes through it, and becomes covered in thick frost from solidified atmospheric water vapour. Go on! Give it a try! But not at work please folks…)
When the universe was 379 000 years old it was cool enough (at 3000K!) to form hydrogen and the matter and radiation decoupled. The CMB was “fixed” at this time, but expands as the universe expands. The mathematically calculated background temperature from the model exactly matches the observed CMB at just below 3K. This correlation of theoretical and observable data provides strong proof that the Big Bang model is to some extent “correct”.
Another great thing about the CMB is that you have the ability to “see” this radiation for yourself. You own a TV? You have all the equipment required! Tune the TV to where it doesn’t receive a broadcast signal and look at the “snow”. 1% of this snow is from the CMB. Next time you are complaining that there’s nothing on TV, detune it and watch the decoupling of matter and radiation at the start of the universe occur in front of you! “Nothing on?” No – just all of creation!
And the circles indicate black hole collisions?
The paper goes to great length to demonstrate that the circles are there beyond statistical doubt, so they have to indicate something involving a great deal of energy. The collision between Supermassive Blackholes is, according to Penrose and Gurzadyan, the most likely source. I can (just) about keep up with the statistical analysis proving that the circles are there, but at that point my knowledge of physics breaks down. I can’t follow the argument here. But give me a break! I’m a healthcare professional, and not a theoretical physicist! If anyone can explain this part to me please do – I’m always happy to learn. What does seem common sense though is that the energy from these collisions expand spherically away from the point of origin, like a 3 dimensional ripple caused by a pebble dropped into a lake. The wave front would appear as a circle in the “frozen” picture of the scatter field of the CMB, and so the concentric circles are from a single source at different periods of time.
And – and this is the big one! – The larger circles have been calculated to have occurred prior to the Big Bang?
Fortunately for me, and my somewhat injured knowledge of physics is pretty much back on track with this one! Well, I think so anyhow…
The concept that needs to be understood here is that of light cones. In brief, nothing can go faster than the speed of light.
Imagine a graph plotting a point in space and time on the origin of a graph with 3 axes; time on one axis and space on the other two. As you move up the time axis you have an area of influence that increases (moves along the space axes) by the speed of light. Light (and therefore any information & therefore influence) can only be so far away from this origin in a certain amount of time, as determined by the speed of light. Lets say you hold a hypothetical light up in the air, then one year later the light has therefore moved 1 light year away from you, and so up (time) and expanding across the 2 space axes of the graph in a cone. If you look at somewhere on your graph at a point 2 light-years distant the light has not yet reached it.

Light Cone - Image from WikiCommons
The figure to the left shows this graph. Nothing that happens at the origin of the graph can possible have any influence on anything outside this triangle (or cone), as nothing travels faster than the speed of light.
Similarly one can imagine the same cone in reverse. As you move back in time the area of influence cone increases in size along the space axis at the same gradient as defined by the speed of light. Things inside this cone can have an influence on you, whilst anything outside this cone cannot affect you.
I really have an affinity for the light cone idea and I was introduced to it at an early age, and so I have difficultly explaining it as to me it makes innate sense, and so I have difficulty explaining such an obvious (to me) concept to others, but I hope this explanation worked…

Now that we have got that out of way we can look back at the question. The circles lie outside of the light cone projecting the area of influence back to the decoupling event, as shown on the right. Way past. From the explanation above a circle of influence can by extrapolated backwards to their point of origin. And this point of origin is prior to the time of the big bang.
And that’s it! Observable proof that something prior to the big bang had an influence on the state of the universe at the point of the decoupling of matter and radiation.
Clear and simple!
No. This is indeed tentative. It’s not fact. It’s almost not a theory, but it is part of the scientific model – trying to explain observable events, using all available resources. This is cutting edge and may be proven to be false with further evidence. That is the beauty of science – it is open to new ideas, even if it requires a compete rewrite of world view. As new hypothesis are developed, predictions of what should be found experimentaly or by observation are made. If these predictions are then shown to match to the evidence, then and only then does the hypothesis become a theory. Of course the theory can be disproved by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory. The “unprovable but falsifiable” concept is a core tenet of modern science.
For example, ideas that were held to be true by scientists of their time include that of a geocentric universe, that aether exists as the medium of the propagation of light, that stomach ulcers were cause by stress rather than a bacterial infection, or that that the continents were immovable. These were then later shown to be falsifiable, and new hypotheses developed to better fit the evidence.
Therefore scientists can be, and in fact are, regularly proven wrong. Yet they strive to learn the truth and adapt to new information, whilst the religious fundamentalists stick to their primitive views as defined thousands of years ago.
Oh come on! Did you think I’d let piece go past without a quick bible / Koran / {insert any other primitive text} basher bashing?
I tried. Sorry…
Even I may have thought of a possible cause for the circles to have expanded across the CMB faster than the speed of light, and therefore not be from events predating the Big Bang. I can’t scientifically call it a theory though. It is more of a (tentative) hypothesis. It also seems so obvious that to be honest I’ve clearly missed something! However I’ll write it down here as the scientific community takes the publishing date of information to form precedence – and I’d love this to be come known as the Jugglinbob Model…
Earlier I discussed that no influence can move faster than the speed of light. This was then used to make the light cones and demonstrate that that the cone origin pre-dates the Big Bang. However, this is not entirely true! Hang on! How can I, a mere healthcare worker, dare to say this? Well, it’s a well known concept to science! It is true that nothing can itself move faster than the speed of light, yet the universe can itself expand at a rate that exceeds this limit. Far flung galaxies move away from us at great speeds, not because they themselves are moving fast, but that the space between us and the galaxy is expanding. This is part of the modern models of the universe, and explains why the doppler shift (relative speed) increases proportionally to distance. The details are far to complex for the purpose of this blog, but to explain briefly think of a balloon with dots at 1cm apart all over its surface. As one blows air into the balloon all the dots move away from all the others as the balloon expands. If you now pick any dot as “home” and measure the distance to a nearby dot you find that it’s now (for example) 2cm between then. If you measure to the next nearest dot it will be twice this at 4cm away. The new dot has moved away from us at twice the speed! A dot, say, 10cm away from our mark before inflation is now 20cm after this same expansion, and so is moving away at a faster rate. This works for any group of dots anywhere on the balloons surface. Pick a new “home” dot and repeat and the result is the same. The fact that (almost) all galaxies are moving away from us initially makes it look as if we are the centre of the universe, until one takes this inflation into account. Observers anywhere in the universe will all see the galaxies moving away from them, and will therefore to them look like they are at the centre! This played a key role in moving the scientific community away from the geocentric universe mentioned above.
Still there? Ok. The fact that it is space that is expanding and not the galaxies moving, and the concept that a far flung galaxy can be moving away from us at a speed that, if not quite breaks the speed of light barrier, at least bends it somewhat, is key to my idea. The inflationary model of the universe states that the universe went though a period of expansion that was faster than the speed of light. Lemonick and Nash in a popular article for Time describe inflation as an “amendment to the original Big Bang” as follows:
“when the universe was less than a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a second old, it briefly went through a period of superchanged expansion, ballooning from the size of a proton to the size of a grapefruit (and thus expanding at many, many times the speed of light). Then the expansion slowed to a much more stately pace. Improbable as the theory sounds, it has held up in every observation astronomers have managed to make.”

Inflationary Universe - http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/
If the universe underwent an inflationary period at a rate that exceeds the speed of light then the shock-wave of an event occurring within this time would be carried along with the increased expansion. It would be moving at a speed greater than that of light! Projecting these light cones backwards through time to their apparent origin before the Big Bang would therefore be incorrect.
I have a sneaking suspicion that anyone that really understands physics will probably be sniggering away now at how foolish I am. In fact I know a clever chappie who took a degree in Astrophysics but I’m too scared of receiving his scorn to pass this on to him!
I’d love to hear from anyone who can show exactly where my logic took a left turn, so if you can please comment!